There's a whole lot of stuff that can be done to upgrade a transmission, most of which is well over my head.
300 to 400 HP and a transmission can use things like aftermarket bands, aftermarket clutches and steels (and more of them than they put in stock), band struts and high-ratio servo levers.
For higher performance (500 HP+) you are looking at steel planataries, aftermarket or billet drums, billet shafts and even more clutches.
Here's a really unorganized webpage that sells a lot of individual transmission performance pieces.
Valve bodies can be modified by yourself with a shift kit, or they can be bought complete.
The only way to change the shift pattern on the transmission is to get a reverse manual, which goes P-R-N-1-2-3; anything else and you are going have the standard P-R-N-3-2-1.
A ratchet shifter is just a shifter that mounts on the floor and is built so you push forward to go up a gear, down to go down a gear. It doesn't require any modification of the transmission itself.
There are a lot of aftermarket gate shifters that don't ratchet but make it very hard to miss shifts.
There's a handful of places that sell convertors; Goerend's, DTT, Suncoast are probably the most popular. ATS's popularity has been slipping, and they have the most expensive unit by far. Hughes and TCI both make entry-level units. And there are a ton of smaller companies out there that make what are probably just-as-good products but don't have the market share.
$1000 shipped can get you anybody's non-lock-up torque convertor, which is what you need; they run in the $600-800 range, about $600 cheaper than lock-up ones.
1990 D-250 Regular Cab: Tweaked injection pump, built transmission, a cataclysmic charlie foxtrot of electronics, the most intense street-ran water injection system in the country, and some more unique stuff.